The law creates several possible pathways for Magway’s security arrangements. Bo Let Yar, has brought together at least 31 LPDFs and reorganised them into 13 military columns under the unit’s command.

Political developments featured parallel processes, including NSPNC–MNDAA talks on political participation, internal changes within the USDP and continued efforts by federal and opposition actors to strengthen alternative political arrangements. Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway were formally confirmed as members of SCEF.

Across conflict-affected Sagaing, the cost of movement is shaped not only by distance and fuel, but by checkpoints, competing authorities and emerging systems of taxation. The central question is not simply who controls the road, but whether the power exercised there is predictable, respectful and publicly accountable.

Before the conflict, she was an ordinary Ah Nyar woman leading a relatively secure and unremarkable life. She had not been trained as a humanitarian worker, political activist, security analyst or emergency responder. Yet the conflict compelled her to perform aspects of all these roles within her family and community.

With the rise of discussions around the Steering Council for the Establishment of a Federal Democratic Union (SCEF), political debate appears to have become more prominent than institutional building, in contrast to the institution-building processes observed last month across the three units of central Burma.

Evidence from victims’ families, eyewitnesses, aid workers, photographs and weapon remnants indicates patterns of extrajudicial killings, severe ill-treatment, destruction of civilian property and attacks affecting civilian areas.

Resistance governance and federal institution-building advanced across Central Burma, while intensified military offensives, widespread airstrikes and a deteriorating human rights situation caused escalating civilian casualties, displacement and insecurity throughout Sagaing, Magway and Mandalay.

Our evidence indicates that the military operation extended beyond engagements with resistance forces and had a serious impact on civilians and civilian properties, including homes, cultural and religious heritage and civilian infrastructure.